Human Immune System Essay Example for Free

Human Immune System Essay None of these things are able to get in when your immune system is working, but the moment your immune system stops the door is wide open. Once you die it only takes a few weeks for these organisms to completely dismantle your body and carry it away, until all thats left is a skeleton. The human immune system is made up of a number of interdependent cell types which collectively protect the persons body from various parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral infections, as well as from the growth of tumor cells. | A number of these cell types have specialized functions, are able to kill parasites, engulf bacteria, or kill tumor cells or viral-infected cells. Frequently, these cells are dependent upon the, T, helper subset for activation signals in the form of secretions which are more formally referred to as, Lymphokines, Cytokines, or specifically as, Interleukins. An understanding of the T helper subset may assist in comprehension of the root of immune deficiencies, as well as perception of the potential avenues that the human immune system can be modulated in the case of particular diseases. Immune Response The presence of an APC, combined with a T cell or B cell, is required in order for there to be an immune response to a foreign antigen. Should an APC present an antigen on its cell surface to a B cell, for example, the B cell is signaled to proliferate and produce antibodies. The antibodies then specifically bind to that antigen. If the antibodies bind to antigens on parasites or bacteria, it acts as a signal for macrophages or PMNs to engulf and kill them. One addition and important function of antibodies is to start something referred to as a, Complement Destruction Cascade. When antibodies bind to bacteria or cells, serum proteins referred to as, Complement, first bind to immobilized antibodies, and then destroy the bacteria through creating holes in the bacteria. Antibodies may also signal macrophages and natural killer cells to kill bacterial infected cells or viral cells. Aids The fight between the virus and the immune system for supremacy is continuous. Our b ody responds to this onslaught through production of more T-cells, some of which mature to become helper T-cells. The virus eventually infects these targets and eliminates them, too. More T-cells are produced; these too become infected, and are killed by the virus. This fight may continue for up to ten years before the body eventually succumbs, apparently because of the inability to any-longer produce T-cells. This loss of helper T-cells finally results in the complete inability of our body to ward-off even the weakest of organisms (all kinds of bacteria and viruses other than HIV) which are normally not ever a problem to us. This acquired condition of immunodeficiency is called, AIDS.

John Q Adams :: American History

John Q Adams John Adams had three remarkable careers in his lifetime. One as an enemy of British oppression and champion of independence. As an American diplomat in Europe and as the first vice-president and second president of the United States. His diary, letters and speeches showed him to be very patriotic, a stong family man and tough-minded philosopher. Adams was born in Quincy, Mass. on October 30, 1735. He was born in a small house that is still standing and open to visitors. His father was a Deacon and fifth generation farmer. His parents were both fond of reading, wrote John and give him a good education. He became the first of his family to go to college when he entered Harvard in 1751. For the next six years he read intensly while he taught school and studied law in Boston. In 1762 he began a fourteen year successful law career. In 1761 he began to think, write and act against British oppression and for the right of colonies to self-government. He was patriotic and held many local offices. In 1770 he insured that the British soldiers accused of the Boston Massacre received a fair hearing. He defended the soldiers at their trial. He spoke out against mob violence and other forms of social disintegration. In 1774 to 1776 Adams was a deligate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. He was a champion of American rights in Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence. John Adams' presidency that lasted from 1797 to 1801 was a troubled one. Adams made many contributions during his term. He gave the Government stability by continuing practices established under Washington. The crisis he faced was the difficult relations with France.When in the XYZ affair peace commissioners retuned from Paris with stories of bribery and deceit, Adams built up the armed forces and took many national security measures. Jefferson and the Republicans and Hamilton and some Federalists wanted war with France for economic reasons, but Adams kept his nerve and when the opportunity was there he sent another peace commissioner to France and defused the crisis. Because of his opponents, he has forced out of office after one term. After his presidency, he and his wife Abigail moved back to Mass.

Biased Justice

Biased Justice I remember this quote, â€Å"Equal Justice under law Is not Just a caption on the fade of the supreme court building. It is fundamental that Justice should be the same, In substance and availability, without regard to economic status, by Justice Lewis Powell Jar,† when I read the cases of Del Gonzalez and Ethan couch. On the light of above quote and the two cases (incidents that would be further discuss more) I would like to discuss the effects of rich power on the justice and how bad upbringing of the children affects the society. And not only society also the future of the younger enervation.As only the rich are able to escape the sentence to life in prison but the rest of them are leading their whole life in prison. So in the essay the discussion will continue with, sentence to life in prison should that be given or not. Justice being biased is a very bad thing. This will give a very bad impact both on the Justice and also on the ones who will be facing the p unishments. The ones committed the crime or even a part of that crime will be facing the prison and the ones who committed the crime and they are also rich will be left free and enjoying all the benefits of life. Everyone should be equally punished.The law which Is going to Judge what Is right and what Is wrong will It self be biased how can we have trust on the courts that It will provide us fair justice. According the article in the Los Angels Times on January 13, 2014 titled â€Å"Growing up in prison†, the two important people in the context: Del Gonzalez and Ethan Couch, whose lives changed drastically based on a judgment. I believe in the saying, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere, by Martin†, and hence when I relate it this to our topic, Ethan Couch by eying the Justice into his hands, has brought injustice to all the four people he killed.He should actually be punished as per the law as he was drunk also when he committed that crime. Dru nk and drive is itself a dangerous act and on top of that he was responsible for the death of four people. This Is not a small issue for the law to Just let him set free for the sake of some money. When we just compare these two case that Is the Del Gonzalez and Ethan Couch cases I strongly feel that Ethan couch should be sentenced to life in prison rather than Del Gonzalez as he did not do any hooting, he was just a member in that group, but he was convicted of murder and was sentenced to life.Just that Ethan couch parents were rich enough they could save him from that prison life. As Del Gonzalez was not rich enough he was facing prison from the age of sixteen. It's not the problem that Gonzalez was not rich enough it's that law is wrong at its state. Law is the only thing which will decide the right and wrong in the whole world and provide Justice to everyone and create some fear while doing the wrong things. This will also help the society walking in the right oath. But If the l aw Itself Is going in the wrong track from whom can we get Justice.How can we stop people In doing bad things? If the law Is so week then there will be lots of Injustice to lot many people around as everyone will not be so rich to buy the law. I always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict Justice, which would have been true in case of Del Gonzalez, if he was released on parole. We can lead to a very dangerous mind set of the ones in the prison. They will develop a negative attitude as they might have a feeling that they wouldn't have done such a gig crime to spend their whole life in the prison.And they will know that few people even though they have committed bigger crimes are enjoying their life outside the prison. This thought will make the ones facing the prison more worst as it's a complete injustice. They will be a prisoner again rather than turning into a nicer person. In context, to effects of rich power on the Justice, I would like to rather comment on upbringin g of young individuals, â€Å"Everything depends on upbringing†, by Leo Tolstoy (war and peace). We need to keep reminding ourselves hat some people are Just raised differently.They are set free, no limits and they actually don't care of anything. Parents should try to understand one thing and also help their children in understanding the same thing that is there are few limits to do few thing and these limits are set for their safety and also for the safety of the others. We can clearly analyses that from the above case itself, Ethan couch wouldn't be in such situation if he was restricted strictly not to drink and drive. As he was never stopped by his parents he ended up killing four people when he was drunk.The situation would be much better if their parents would have warned him for drunk and drive instead of buying his sentence and doing injustice to the once who are facing the prison. Parents are also giving wrong morals that whatever mistake you do we are here to buy t he consequences of it. This is a very bad moral they are giving their children instead of setting them on to the right path. That is absolutely fine if the parent's couldn't provide a sound educational when they have a good upbringing. Hence, even Ethan Couch's parents should also be convicted for their son's crime, as hey didn't set limits on him.I don't think by Just giving 10 years' probation, Couch got his complete punishment, and also he was given alcohol treatment facility. If that was the case for Couch, why was Gonzalez given Justice in respect to his role in murder and also he should have been sent to a centre for behavioral change. I strongly oppose with the Justice given to Gonzalez, it should be given by considering his role, his age and his future. Giving sentenced to life in prison for a sixteen year kid is not advisable according to my opinion. Especially in Gonzalez case he was Just a member n that group who shot the driver.Gonzalez dint even shoot the driver but he was sentenced to life without any chance of parole. This decision of court will badly impact the future of the kid. He should at least be given a chance to rectify his mistake or sent to some counseling centers. As it's not a small thing for a sixteen year old kid to spend his rest of his life in prison where his age group people will be happily enjoying the life outside the prison. In depth, the use of power must always be accompanied by moral choice, instead of supporting the wealthier side. In case ofEthan Couch, it would have been better if his parents bequeath to him not riches, but the spirit of reverence to Justice. If Ethan Couch can be released, by introducing term â€Å"affluence†, which is his own issue, then I feel even Del Gonzalez should also be given a chance, when he was trying to lead an upright life, by overcoming all his evil deeds and also being guilty of his previous acts. In fact, every child who commits a crime deserves it. When we observe the Del Gonza lez case carefully, he was thoroughly drunk when he and two adult co-defendants attempted to steal a car, role and sentenced to life without parole.

Medusa The Ancient Greek Myth of the Snake-Haired Gorgon

In ancient Greek mythology, Medusa is a Gorgon, one of three hideous sisters whose appearance turns men to stone. She is killed by the hero Perseus, who cuts off her head. To the Greeks, Medusa is the leader of an ancient, older matriarchal religion that had to be obliterated; in modern culture, she represents vital sensuality and a power that is threatening to males.   Fast Facts: Medusa, Monster of Greek Mythology Alternate Names: MedousaEpithets: The RulerRealms and Powers: The great Ocean, can turn men to stone  with a glance.Family: The Gorgons (also Gorgones or Gorgous), including her sisters Stheno and Euryale; children Pegasus, ChrysaorCulture/Country: Greece, 6th century BCEPrimary Sources: Hesiods Theogony, Plato’s Gorgias, Ovids Metamorphosis Medusa in Greek Mythology The Three Gorgons are sisters: Medusa (the Ruler) is a mortal, her immortal sisters are Stheno (the Strong) and Euryale (the Far-Springer). Together they live either at the western end of the world or on the island of Sarpedon, in the middle of Poseidons Great Ocean. They all share Medusas snake-like locks, and her powers to turn men to stone. The Gorgons are one of two groups of sisters born of Phorkys (the old man of the sea) and his sister Keto (a sea-monster). The other group of sisters is the Graiai, the old women, Pemphredoo, Enyo, and Deino or Perso, who share one tooth and one eye which they pass between them; the Graiai play a role in Medusas myth. This relief of Medusa was part of a temple at Ephesus, Turkey, built by P. Quintilius before 128 CE, and dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian. ihsanGercelman / iStock / Getty Images Plus Appearance and Reputation   All three of the Gorgon sisters have glaring eyes, huge teeth (sometimes boars tusks), a protruding tongue, brazen claws, and serpent or octopus locks. Their frightful aspect turns men to stone.  The other sisters have only minor roles in Greek mythology, while the Medusa story is told many times by many different Greek and Roman writers. The Medusa head is a symbolic element in Roman and ancient Arabic kingdoms (Nabataean, Hatran, and Palmyrene cultures). In these contexts, it protects the dead, guards buildings or tombs, and wards off evil spirits. How Medusa Became a Gorgon   In one myth reported by the Greek poet Pindar (517–438 BCE), Medusa was a beautiful mortal woman who one day went to Athenas temple to worship. While she was there, Poseidon saw her and either seduced her or raped her, and she became pregnant. Athena, enraged at the desecration of her temple, turned her into a mortal Gorgon.   Medusa and Perseus In the principle myth, Medusa is killed by the Greek hero Perseus, the son of Danae and Zeus. Danae is the object of desire of Polydectes, the king of the Cycladic island of Seriphos. The king, sensing that Perseus was an obstacle to pursuing Danae, sends him on the impossible mission to bring back the head of Medusa. Perseus beheading the sleeping Medusa. Terracotta pilike (jar), Attic period, ca. 450–440 BCE, attributed to Polygnotos of Thasos. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1945 (public domain) Aided by Hermes and Athena, Perseus finds his way to the Graiai and tricks them by stealing their one eye and tooth. They are forced to tell him where he can find weapons to help him kill Medusa: winged sandals to carry him to the Gorgons island, the cap of Hades to render him invisible, and a metallic satchel (kibisis) to hold her head once it is cut off. Hermes gives him an adamantine (unbreakable) sickle, and he also carries a polished bronze shield.   Perseus flies to Sarpedon, and looking at Medusas reflection in his shield—to avoid the vision that would turn him to stone—, cuts off her head, puts it in the satchel and flies back to Seriphos. On her death, Medusas children (fathered by Poseidon) fly out of her neck: Chrysaor, wielder of a golden sword, and Pegasus, the winged horse, who is best known for the myth of Bellerophon. Role in Mythology In general, the appearance and death of Medusa are thought to be the symbolic repression of an older matriarchal religion. That is probably what the Roman emperor Justinian (527–565 CE) had in mind when he included older sculptures of Medusas head turned on its side or upside down as plinths at the base of two columns in the underground Christian cistern/basilica of Yerebatan Sarayi in Constantinople. Another story reported by the British classicist Robert Graves is that Medusa was the name of a fierce Libyan queen who took her troops into battle and was beheaded when she lost. Medusa Head at Yerebatan Sarayi Cistern in Istanbul. Medusas severed head, upside down or on one cheek, is featured as the base of several columns in the large underground cistern built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527–565 CE). flavijus / Getty Images Plus Medusa in Modern Culture   In modern culture, Medusa is seen as a powerful symbol of female intelligence and wisdom, related to the goddess Metis, who was a wife of Zeus. The snake-like head is a symbol of her cunning, a perversion of the matrifocal ancient goddess who the Greeks must destroy. According to historian Joseph Campbell (1904–1987), the Greeks used the Medusa story to justify the destruction of idols and temples of an ancient goddess mother wherever they found them. Her snaky locks led to the use of Medusas name to refer to jellyfish. Sources and Further Reading Almasri, Eyad , et al. Medusa in Nabataean, Hatran and Palmyrene Cultures. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18.3 (2018): 89-102. Print.Dolmage, Jay. Metis, Mà ªtis, Mestiza, Medusa: Rhetorical Bodies across Rhetorical Traditions. Rhetoric Review 28.1 (2009): 1–28. Print.Hard, Robin (ed). The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Roses Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge, 2003. Print.Smith, William, and G.E. Marindon, eds. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray, 1904. Print.Susan, R. Bowers. Medusa and the Female Gaze. NWSA Journal 2.2 (1990): 217–35. Print.